Susceptibility of a host depends on genetic or constitutional factors, specific immunity, and nonspecific factors that affect an individual’s ability to resist infection or to limit pathogenicity.

What are the three 3 factors that affect the likelihood of infection occurring from a pathogen?

Common pathogen factors are immune evasion, high viral load and low infectious dose.

What 4 conditions must be met for a pathogen germ to infect a person?

To be able to persist or live on, pathogens must be able to leave an infected host, survive transmission in the environment, enter a susceptible person or animal, and develop and/or multiply in the newly infected host.

What is susceptibility host?

The last link in the chain of infection is the susceptible host. This is the organism (e.g., You or your resident!) that will feel the effects of the infectious disease that has traveled through the chain of infection.

What is susceptibility to infection?

Susceptible Person. A susceptible person is someone who is not vaccinated or otherwise immune, or a person with a weakened immune system who has a way for the germs to enter the body. For an infection to occur, germs must enter a susceptible person’s body and invade tissues, multiply, and cause a reaction.

What factors make an individual more susceptible to disease?

Life style risk factors such as aging, poor nutrition, infection and exposure to toxicants can also increase susceptibility to illnesses. These life style factors can therefore be considered to cause acquired susceptibility for increased risk for environmental disease.

What are four 4 factors that increase susceptibility to infection and why?

We all have different susceptibility Multiple innate factors (e.g., age, nutritional status, genetics, immune competency, and pre-existing chronic diseases) and external variables (e.g., concurrent drug therapy) influence the overall susceptibility of a person exposed to a virus.

What are the factors in host susceptibility of dengue fever?

The risk factors for DHF are infestation with Aedes mosquito, a hot and humid climate promoting mosquito breeding, mosquito density, the presence of all four serotypes of the dengue virus (DV) with secondary infection in the host, poor-quality water storage facilities in people’s homes, a high population density and …

What are host factors in epidemiology?

Host refers to the human who can get the disease. A variety of factors intrinsic to the host, sometimes called risk factors, can influence an individual’s exposure, susceptibility, or response to a causative agent.

What is host factor in infection?

Host factor is a medical term referring to the traits of an individual person or animal that affect susceptibility to disease, especially in comparison to other individuals.

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What 3 requirements must be met for a pathogen to cause disease?

The pathogen must be able to gain entry to the host, travel to the location where it can establish an infection, evade or overcome the host’s immune response, and cause damage (i.e., disease) to the host.

What is the most common risk of exposure to bloodborne pathogens for healthcare workers?

The most common form of occupational exposure to blood and the most likely to result in infection, is needle- stick injury. The most common causes of needle-stick injury are two- handed recapping and the unsafe collection and disposal of sharps waste.

What is the most common risk of exposure to bloodborne pathogens for healthcare workers OSHA quizlet?

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are three of the most common bloodborne pathogens from which health care workers are at risk.

What are some risk factors for infection?

Having other medical conditions such as diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), autoimmune disease, among others. If you have other medical conditions, ask your doctor if they put you at increased risk for infection. Other factors, such as poor nutrition, stress, or lack of sleep.

Which of the following are common risk factors for infection in older adults?

• Diminished immune response.
• Advanced age.
• Malnutrition.
• The presence of multiple chronic diseases, a status that is often accompanied by many different medications.
• Cognitive deficits that may complicate compliance with basic sanitary practices, such as hand washing.

What is susceptible to disease?

Susceptibility is a condition of the body that increases the likelihood that the individual will develop a particular disease. Susceptibility is influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

What may make a host less susceptible to an infectious disease?

In general terms, in what two ways could the risk of developing a communicable disease be reduced? By reducing exposure to infectious agents, or increasing the person’s immunity, for example by vaccination or improving their diet.

What are the host risk factors of malaria?

Age is a key risk factor for severe malaria: children in malaria endemic areas develop immunity to severe malaria more rapidly than immunity that reduces parasite burden25. Separately, host genetic factors like hemoglobin AS and AC reduce the risk of severe malaria.

What is host and agent?

Host. The agent infects the host, which is the organism that carries the disease. A host doesn’t necessarily get sick; hosts can act as carriers for an agent without displaying any outward symptoms of the disease.

What factors may increase susceptibility to pneumonia?

• Having a weakened immune system. …
• Being hospitalized or being on a ventilator.
• Having a chronic condition including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, structural lung disease and heart disease.
• Smoking.

What type of mosquito is responsible of infecting dengue?

Aedes aegypti mosquito. Dengue viruses are spread to people through the bites of infected Aedes species mosquitoes (Ae. aegypti or Ae. albopictus).

Which type of mosquito causes dengue fever?

Aedes Mosquitoes It is the principal dengue vector responsible for dengue transmission and dengue epidemics. Other mosquito species in the genus Aedes — including Aedes albopictus, Aedes polynesiensis, and Aedes scutellaris — have a limited ability to serve as dengue vectors.

Which mosquito causes dengue virus?

Aedes aegypti mosquitoes spread dengue to people through bites. Dengue viruses are spread to people through the bite of an infected Aedes species (Ae. aegypti or Ae. albopictus) mosquito.

What contributes to the virulence of a pathogen?

Factors that are produced by a microorganism and evoke disease are called virulence factors. Examples are toxins, surface coats that inhibit phagocytosis, and surface receptors that bind to host cells.

In what ways do Exotoxins usually affect host cells?

An exotoxin is a toxin secreted by bacteria. An exotoxin can cause damage to the host by destroying cells or disrupting normal cellular metabolism. They are highly potent and can cause major damage to the host. Exotoxins may be secreted, or, similar to endotoxins, may be released during lysis of the cell.

How do pathogens cause disease a level?

Pathogens cause illness to their hosts through a variety of ways. The most obvious means is through direct damage of tissues or cells during replication, generally through the production of toxins, which allows the pathogen to reach new tissues or exit the cells inside which it replicated.

What is the meaning of virulence factor?

A virulence factor is a molecule that enhances the ability of a microorganism to cause disease beyond that intrinsic to the species background. However, the presence of virulence factors does not mean that the holder strain is pathogenic. Enterococci may colonize tissues; Ec. faecalis and Ec.

What factor helps determine the risk for infection when exposed to a bloodborne pathogen?

Important factors that influence the overall risk for occupational exposures to bloodborne pathogens include the number of infected individuals in the patient population and the type and number of blood contacts. Most exposures do not result in infection.

Which of the bloodborne pathogens covered has the greatest risk of transmission from an exposure?

It depends on the source of a person’s hepatitis B antibody status. Both hepatitis B surface antigen antibody-positive people have more blood pathogens and are more likely to be infected with HBV.

What are some factors that determine the likelihood of transmission of an infectious agent after a body fluid exposure?

The risk of bloodborne pathogen transmission following occupational exposure depends on a variety of factors that include source patient factors (e.g., titer of virus in the source patient’s blood/body fluid), the type of injury and quantity of blood/body fluid transferred to the HCW during the exposure, and the HCW’s …

Which of the following poses the greatest risk of exposure to HCV?

Transmission of HCV through workplace exposure does occur, with the greatest risk of transmission from patients to healthcare workers being via needle stick injuries and other sharps exposures.